Creative Commons licenses

Creative Commons licenses are several copyright licenses released on December 16, 2002 by Creative Commons, a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001.

Many of the licenses, notably all the original licenses, grant certain "baseline rights",^[1] such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work without changes, at no charge. Some of the newer licenses do not grant these rights.

As of February 2009^[update], Creative Commons licenses are currently available in 52 different jurisdictions worldwide, with 9 others under development.^[2] Licenses for jurisdictions outside the United States are under the purview of Creative Commons International.

Original licenses

The original set of licenses all grant the "baseline rights". The details of each of these licenses depends on the version, and comprises a selection of four conditions:

	Attribution (by)	Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits in the manner specified by these.
	Noncommercial (nc)	Licensees may copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for noncommercial purposes.
	No Derivative Works (nd)	Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works based on it.
	ShareAlike (sa)	Licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs the original work. (See also copyleft.)

Combinations

Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "nd" and "sa" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid licenses, the five that lack the "by" clause have been phased out because 98% of licensors requested Attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website.^[3] This leaves six regularly used licenses:

1. Attribution alone (by)
2. Attribution + Noncommercial (by-nc)
3. Attribution + NoDerivatives (by-nd)
4. Attribution + ShareAlike (by-sa)
5. Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives (by-nc-nd)
6. Attribution + Noncommercial + ShareAlike (by-nc-sa)

For example, the Creative Commons Attribution (BY) license allows one to share and remix (create derivative works), even for commercial use, so long as attribution is given.^[4]

Attribution

As of 2010^[update], all current licenses require attribution of the original author. The attribution must be given to "the best of [one's] ability using the information available".^[5] Generally this implies the following:

• Include any copyright notices (if applicable). If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published.
• Cite the author's name, screen name, or user ID, etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists.
• Cite the work's title or name (if applicable), if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work.
• Cite the specific CC license the work is under (optional). If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website.
• Mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation, in addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work i.e., “This is a Finnish translation of the [original work] by [author].” or “Screenplay based on [original work] by [author].”

Works protected

Work licensed under a Creative Commons License is protected by applicable copyright law.^[6] This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work protected by copyright law, including: books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, and websites.

However, the license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions. Furthermore, Creative Commons Licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable. Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license.

In the case of works protected by multiple Creative Common Licenses, the user may choose either.

Other licenses

A number of additional licenses have been introduced, which are more specialized:

• Sampling licenses, with two options:
  • Sampling Plus: parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes^[7]
  • Noncommercial Sampling Plus: the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for noncommercial purposes^[8]

Besides licenses, Creative Commons also offers an easy way to release material into the public domain through the Public Domain Dedication^[9], as well as Founder's Copyright, through which the work is released into the public domain after 14 or 28 years.^[10]

A project was launched in 2007^[11] called CC0,^[12] a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible, worldwide. CC0 improves and extends the current CC public domain dedication, by adding a waiver statement and attempting a universal rather than the current dedication's U.S.-centric approach.

Legal and technical work on the CC0 waiver was completed on December 1, 2008.^[13]

In 2007, Creative Commons also launched the CC+ (also known as CC Plus) program. CC+ is a protocol that enables Creative Commons users to continue to offer their work to the public for non-commercial use, but also gives them the right to sell commercial licensing rights to those who want to use the work for profit.^[14]. The CC+ program is another step in emerging field of Open Education ^[15] in that CC+ gives “businesses a simple way to move between the sharing and commercial economies.” ^[16] Many users are incorporating the program into their copyright policies, including the New York State Senate .^[17]

Retired licenses

Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired^[18], and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element^[19] other than the Public Domain Dedication, as well as two licenses not allowing non-commercial copying:

• Sampling: parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified
• DevNations: a Developing Nations license, which only applies to countries deemed by the World Bank as a "non-high-income economy". Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries.

Partial list of projects that release contents under Creative Commons licenses

• Association for Progressive Communications (cc-by-sa)
• ccMixter (mostly cc-by-nc)
• Citizendium (cc-by-sa)
• Identi.ca (cc-by)
• The Freesound Project (Sampling Plus)
• knol (mostly, cc-by-sa or cc-by-nc-sa)
• Wikia (cc-by-sa, since June 2009)
• Wikipedia (cc-by-sa, since June 2009)
• Wikitravel (cc-by-sa)

See also

• BSD license
• Copyleft
• Copyright
• Creative Commons
• Creative Commons International
• Free content
• Free software license
• GNU
• Model release. Images of individuals used for advertising, and sometimes other commercial uses, may need those individuals' consent.
• Non-commercial educational
• Open content
• Software licensing
• Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

References

External links

• Official site
• Full selection of licenses
• Creative Commons Licenses Compatibility Wizard
• Doctoral dissertations published under Creative Commons license
• Citizen's guide to using Creative Commons licenses
• A human readable summary of version 2.5 of the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA license. (Retrieved 2010-04-10).
• Legal code of the CC-BY-SA 3.0 License.